ࡱ> lnk ?bjbj̵ "\צצ7%84#<B_L"=B?B?B?B?B?B?B:DF?B?B6TB666<=B6=B66>AT?"<jB0B?G6GDA6A i:   Whose Rights Count? Confronting Violations of the Indian Child Welfare Act By Terry Cross and Sarah Kastelic Learning Objectives: Learn about the provisions of the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA). Examine a case of intentional violation of ICWA and learn about the historical and current need for ICWA. Examine issues that may arise in the implementation of ICWA, including eligibility (when ICWA applies), tribal jurisdiction, and placement preferences. Consider the impact of ICWA on Native children, families, and communities. Identify the opportunities ICWA presents for federally recognized tribal governments to exercise their sovereign authority. Audience: Suitable for college students, undergraduate through graduate studies. This case is especially useful for study in social work, American Indian studies, sociology, psychology, political science, and public administration. Implementation: The case can be taught over a single class session or multiple class sessions, but should be taught as an interrupted case, i.e., Part I should be followed by the discussion questions/group exercise for Part I before beginning Part II, etc. Encouraging students to do additional research, especially related to the Indian Child Welfare Act and tribal sovereignty, is also recommended. Part I: Discussion Questions/Group Exercise Break students into small groups. Assign each group one set of themed questions below. (Depending on the number or groups, more than one group may have the same questions.) Someone in the group must agree to be a note taker. The groups should discuss their questions and record their conclusions. They should be prepared to report out to the larger group, sharing their questions and responses. Be prepared to engage the larger group in a short dialogue after groups report (as needed). Theme A- In your group, discuss the birth mothers considerations in making the decision to place her child. Consider and report on: How are a birth parents rights to privacy impacted by ICWA? Should a parents desire for privacy outweigh the childs rights or the tribes rights under ICWA? Some private adoption agencies and private adoption attorneys oppose ICWA. A few and have chosen to violate the Act. What are the potential consequences for the child, the adoptive family, or the tribe? Should there be sanctions, such as ethics complaints, for those who chose to violate ICWA? In this case the tribe became aware early and had the resources to intervene. What do you think would happen if the adoption had not been discovered until the child was a year or more old? The adoptive family wanted a child to raise. In what ways are they also a victim of the practices of the adoption agency? Add an additional question or two you might use in this case with your students (optional). Theme B- In your group, examine the issues that led to ICWA and those that are still relevant today. Consider and report on: What historical events necessitated the passage of ICWA? ICWA is more than 30 years old. Some people may say that since child welfare policy has changed, ICWA is no longer needed. Given this case scenario, how would you make the case that ICWA is still an important protection for Native children and communities? Review the placement preferences dictated by ICWA. What is the goal of the placement preferences? Do you think the preferences outlined achieve that goal? Why or why not? How could ICWA be amended to better achieve its goal? What additional provisions would have been helpful in this case? Add an additional question or two you might use in this case with your students (optional). Theme C - In your group, imagine that you are staff in your tribes social services program. Your tribal council has made a decision that the tribe will exercise jurisdiction in all ICWA cases and start transferring all eligible cases from state court to tribal court. Consider and report on: What additional services may the tribe need to develop in order to be effective when they intervene and seek jurisdiction? What types of services must the tribe be able to provide (or help families access from other providers) to ensure that families have the support they need to care for their children in their own homes? In relative homes or tribal foster care? What financial resources will be needed to intervene in states at a distance from your tribe? Add an additional question or two you might use in this case with your students (optional). Part II: Discussion Questions/Group Exercise Break students into groups of 4 - 6 people. Assign each group one set of themed questions below. (Depending on the number or groups, more than one group may have the same questions.) Ask each group to consider the questions below. Someone in the group must agree to be a note taker. The groups should discuss their questions and record their conclusions. They should be prepared to report out to the larger group, sharing the most salient points from their discussions. Be prepared to engage students in a discussion about key issues raised after the groups have finished reporting (if appropriate). Theme A - In your group, discuss the major provisions of ICWA. Consider and report on: Almost every provision of ICWA was written to correct a destructive child welfare practice. See if you can identify the issue that each provision is intended to correct. Most provisions of ICWA do not apply to tribes, only states. Some tribes have voluntarily passed codes that incorporate ICWA into their own laws. What are the implications of that action? Would you recommend it? Why or why not? Many tribes do not have resources to exercise their rights under ICWA. What are the consequences of that circumstance? How can a tribe prioritize between the needs of their members at home versus at a distance? Add an additional question or two you might use in this case with your students (optional). Theme B - In your group, discuss the role of federal, state, and tribal laws and policies on making decisions about whether a tribe should intervene in child welfare cases in state courts. Consider and report on: What is the role of laws, policies, and funding streams in the capacity to intervene? Are there advantages to having child welfare decisions made in tribal courts versus state courts? If so, what are the advantages? What disadvantages exist? How do the federal and state governments constrain or limit policies developed by tribes? How can tribes influence the state governments response to tribally-developed policies? What are different approaches change agents can take to influence state policy toward tribes? Theme C - In your group, discuss how child welfare policy is implemented at the state level and the implications this might have for tribes that want to assert their rights under ICWA. Consider and report on: What are the key factors that influence tribal-state relations in child welfare? What are the major obstacles? What are the various strategies tribes and states have used to achieve their goals of successful implementation of ICWA? What is the relationship between the capacity of tribal courts and child welfare programs and the willingness of states to fully implement ICWA? How might tribes who discover violations with ICWA work to change policy? What steps would you recommend to add oversight or monitoring provisions to ICWA? Part III: Research Questions The Indian Child Welfare Act, unlike most federal laws, does not include a monitoring or oversight provision. What impact does this have on the law, and what could be done about it? What attempts have been made to change this? The Indian Child Welfare Act does not apply to custody issues in divorce proceedings. What would the potential consequences have been if divorces proceedings had been included? Why? Should ICWA be amended to include it? The provisions of ICWA do not apply to tribes themselves. How often do tribes themselves still place Indian children outside the tribe because of the lack of family and foster parents within the community or for other good reasons? There is no federal policy that protects other children of color the way that ICWA protects American Indian/Alaska Native children. Why do you think that is the case? Why are Native children treated differently than other children of color? Additional Resources Association on American Indian Affairs. (1974a, Winter). The destruction of Indian families. Indian Family Defense, 1, 1-2. Association on American Indian Affairs. (1974b, Winter). Senate probes child welfare crisis. Indian Family Defense, 2, 1-6. Bennett, M. K. (1993). Native American children: Caught in the web of the Indian Child Welfare Act. Hamline Law Review, 16, 953-973. Blanchard, E. L. & Barsch, R. L. (1980). What is best for tribal children? A response to Fischler. Social Work, 25, 350-357. Byler, W. (1977, Summer). Removing children: The destruction of American Indian families. Civil Rights Digest, 9(4), 19-27. Carleton, J. N. (1997). The Indian Child Welfare Act: A study in the codification of the ethnic best interests of the child. Marquette Law Review, 81, 21-45. Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2011). How the child welfare system works. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children's Bureau. Delos-Reyes, L. Z. (1984). The Indian Child Welfare Act and its effect on adoption. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Human Development Services, Administration for Children, Youth, and Families, Childrens Bureau. Dorsay, C. (1993). Adoption and the Indian Child Welfare Act. Youth Law News, 14, 14- 19. Gallagher, B. D. (1994). Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978: The congressional foray into the adoption process. Northern Illinois University Law Review, 15, 81-106. George, L. (1997). Why the need for the Indian Child Welfare Act? Journal of Multicultural Social Work, 5(3/4), 165-175. Guerrero, M. P. (1978). Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978: A response to the threat to Indian culture caused by foster and adoptive placements of Indian children. American Indian Law Review, 7, 51-77.6. Hogan, P. T., & Siu, S. F. (1988). Minority children and the child welfare system: An historical perspective. Social Work, 33(6), 493-498. Horejsi, C. C., & Heavy Runner, B. (1992). Reactions by Native American parents to child protection agencies: Cultural and community factors. Child Welfare, 71(4), 329-342. H.R. Rep. No. 1386 at 9 (1978). Indian Child Welfare Act of 1977: Hearing before the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, Senate, 95th Cong. Johnson, T. R. (Ed.). (1991). The Indian Child Welfare Act the next ten years: Indian homes for Indian children. Los Angeles: American Indian Studies Center, University of California. Jones, D. M. (1969). Child welfare problems in an Alaskan Native village. Social Service Review, 43, 297-309. Kunesh, P. (1996). Transcending frontiers: Indian child welfare in the United States. Boston College Third World Law Journal, 16(17), 17-34. Retrieved on 11/01/11 from  HYPERLINK "http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1226&context=twlj&seiredir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dtranscending%2520frontiers%253A%2520indian%2520child%2520welfare%2520in%2520the%2520united%2520states.%2520%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D1%26ved%3D0CB4QFjAA%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Flawdigitalcommons.bc.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1226%2526context%253Dtwlj%26ei%3DbSawTsrZN6eOigLjqdDwDw%26usg%3DAFQjCNFBCot8FAh--2vS4kvgDXrfNGFTrw#search=%22transcending%20frontiers%3A%20indian%20child%20welfare%20united%20states.%22" http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1226&context=twlj&seiredir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dtranscending%2520frontiers%253A%2520indian%2520child%2520welfare%2520in%2520the%2520united%2520states.%2520%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D1%26ved%3D0CB4QFjAA%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Flawdigitalcommons.bc.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1226%2526context%253Dtwlj%26ei%3DbSawTsrZN6eOigLjqdDwDw%26usg%3DAFQjCNFBCot8FAh--2vS4kvgDXrfNGFTrw#search=%22transcending%20frontiers%3A%20indian%20child%20welfare%20united%20states.%22 McCarthy, R. J. (1993). The Indian Child Welfare Act: In the best interests of the child and tribe. Clearinghouse Review, 27, 864-873. McMahon, A., & Gullerud, E. N. (1995). Native American agencies for Native American children: Fulfilling the promise of the Indian Child Welfare Act. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 22(1), 87-98. National Indian Child Welfare Association (n.d.). Indian Child Welfare Act Online Training Course. Available at:  HYPERLINK "http://www.nicwa.org/icwa_course/" http://www.nicwa.org/icwa_course/. Shore, J. H. (1978, Summer). Destruction of Indian families beyond the best interests of Indian children. White Cloud Journal, 1(2), 13-16. Sudia, C. (1987, July). Impact of the 1978 Indian Child Welfare Act and the 1980 Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act on the out of home placement of American Indian children. Washington, DC: Childrens Bureau, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families. Retrieved on 11/01/11 from  HYPERLINK "http://www.narf.org/icwa/federal/lh/icwaimpacta.pdf" http://www.narf.org/icwa/federal/lh/icwaimpacta.pdf. Task Force Four: Federal, State, and Tribal Jurisdiction. (1976). Final Report to the American Indian Policy Review Commission. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2005). Indian Child Welfare Act: Existing information on implementation issues could be used to target guidance and assistance to states. Report number GAO-05-290. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved on 11/01/11 from  HYPERLINK "http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05290.pdf" http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05290.pdf. U.S. Senate Report. (1977). Hearing on S. 1214 before the Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs. 95th Congress, 1st Session, 43. Wynne, L. L. (n.d.). The historical development of the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978. Unpublished manuscript. University of Washington School of Social Work at Seattle.     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