ࡱ> 8:567 ]wbjbj̵ $&צצj-@@"()" I"I"I"]"]"]"]"8"I#L]":#$-$C$C$%% %7:9:9:9:9:9:9:>9:"%%%%%9:+""$$<N:+++%I"C$I"C$7:+%7:++8|I"I"9(]"Q)827:d:0:8A+A$9+9nI":%%%@ :   Albertas Oil Sands and the Rights of First Nations Peoples to Environmental Health by Lori Lambert, PhD, DS Abstract This case examines health and environmental issues of Albertas Cree First Nations and the rights of the Province of Alberta and lease-holders to develop the oil sands to extract petroleum. Although there are many environmental issues associated with the process of extracting the bitumen from the oil tar sands such as climate change, destruction of the boreal forest, and contamination of wetlands and muskegs, this case focuses on the tailings ponds and the environmental health issues that they are causing. The Problem Alberta sits over one of the largest recoverable oil patches in the world, second only to Saudi Arabia. It covers 149, 000 square kilometers, an area larger than Florida, and holds at least 175 billion barrels of recoverable crude bitumen But oil sands are a fundamentally different kind of oil. They take a lot of energy and a lot of water and leave a very large environmental footprint compared to all other forms of oil extraction. Because of this, the massive changes to the boreal forest and the watershed have prompted the United Nations to list this region as a global hot spot for environmental change. (H2Oil) There is a war going on in northern Alberta. There are no gunshots, no soldiers, no bombs, no explosive IEDs, but a war nonetheless. It is a war between the government of Alberta, the owners of leases in the Alberta oil tar sands, and the Assembly of First Nations (AFN) representing over 630 First Nation communities and 700,000 First Nations people across Canada. The Mikisew Cree First Nation and the Fort Chipewyan Cree First Nation have raised concerns that water withdrawals from the Athabasca River system impacts fish populations during periods of low flow (Mikisew Cree First Nation & Athabasca Chipewyan press release, July 10, 2010) and that the extraction process of separating the oil from the sands in Albertas oil tar sands is decimating their health and causing air pollution, contamination in the Athabasca River, caribou loss, and toxic pollution in the downstream flow. Opponents contend that the health of many First Nations living downstream has already been compromised. According to many scientists, the mining activities are also greatly increasing greenhouse gasses that are implicated in climate change. (Nikifourk, 2010; Mech, 2010; Timoney & Lee, 2009) Although there are many environmental issues associated with the oil sands mining, such as the increase in greenhouse gasses and the rape of the boreal forest, this case focuses on the health and ecological concerns caused by the tailing ponds effect on the Athabasca River, Lake Athabasca, Fort McMurray and several Cree First Nations and their right to a clean environment. We also examine the government responses, the rights of oil companies to mine the bitumen found in the oil tar sands, and the larger issues around energy independence. There are many stakeholders involved in the battle over the oil sands. Shell, Chevron, Exxon, Total, Occidental, Imperial and most other oil majors have so far invested nearly $100bn Canadian dollars in the 1,160 square mile (3,000 square kilometres) "bitumen belt," which is being called the new Kuwait, (Vidal, 2008) As one report notes, Every major multinational and nationally owned oil company has staked a claim in the tar sands (Nikiforuk, 2008, p.6). A decade ago, the vast landscape of forests and lakes around Fort McMurray and the Athabasca River provided a fairly minor and barely profitable sand oil industry. But it is now pitted with hundreds of square kilometres of toxic waste ponds, mines that are 300 ft deep, hundreds of miles of pipes and burgeoning petrochemical works. Every day brings a bumper to bumper stream of lorries (trucks) carrying the world's largest plant, pipes and machinery to the area, as well as young men seeking fortunes, and, say critics, the devastation of a pristine land. The companies are now mining 1.3m barrels a day of heavy crude oil from the sands, which are saturated with bitumen. But they expect to spend another 50bn to more than double production to 3.5m barrels by 2011. The surge is expected to attract 100,000 more workers to the northern wilderness where the wolf and bear are still common. (Vidal, 2008) The Cree First Nations of Alberta & the Tar Sands There are several dozen First Nations Reserves in Alberta, which were lands set in reserve for the sole use of the Cree Nations by several different Treaties. Currently, Treaty 8 and Treaty 6 First Nations lands are the most impacted by the Alberta oil tar sands. Treaty 8 was made with the First Nations and the government of Canada in 1899. The Treaty stipulates that the First Nations retain the right to hunt and fish in their traditional homelands. If the homelands are decimated and there are no forests, streams or animals, this conflicts with the intent of the treaties. This (Treaty 8) is the most important post Confederation document for First Nations as it lays out their traditional land rights. The Treaty surrendered 840,000 square kilometers of what are now northern Alberta, south to Fort McMurray, northeastern British Columbia, northwestern Saskatchewan, and the southern portion of the Northwest Territories. It was a heavy price to pay for the Crowns promise that the First Nations would retain hunting, trapping, and fishing rights in perpetuity. These rights were affirmed by the Constitution Act of 1982 (Marsdan, 2007, p. 179 ). We were assured that our way of life would not be changed and that it would be protected, states Chief Allan Adam, Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation and Chief Roxanne Marcel, Mikisew Cree First Nation (Mech, 2011, p. 8). The dispute on the tar sands is severely testing this early assurance. A rider was attached to the Treaty 8 which gave the government of Alberta the right to exclude tracts that may be taken up for settlement, mining, lumbering, trading or other purposes (Marsdan, 2007, p. 179). This has opened the door to the current dispute. As early as 1742, Indians were boiling the Athabasca oil sands with pine pitch to heat their dwellings and to seal the seams of their canoes. A Connecticut Yankee named Peter Pond explored the area in 1778 and wrote about the springs of bitumen that flowed along the ground and Alexander McKenzie, 1788, seeking the Northwest Passage noted the .miles and miles of black sands along the Athabasca River (Marsdan, 2008, p.28). Today, the Chipewyan are victims of an environmental, health, and cultural disaster because of the tar sands and the government of Alberta is ignoring their issues. There are social issues as well. Not only is the environment affected, upon which communities depend for sustainable hunting and fishing. The pace of development has also caused an influx of people into the area with their own needs for housing, food, and medical services. The population of non-Natives with their own culture robs native peoples of their resources and creates a cultural collision among the various groups. Pat Marcal, an elder from Fort Chipewyan, noted in his presentation at Salish Kootenai College, November 2011, At first we thought all this development would be good for our community. Today, after 40 years of development, we can see how much destruction is here. We have fish advisories. Fishermen are seeing deformed fish. There is an increase rate of cancer in our community. In one month we had 4 elders diagnosed with cancer. In the same presentation, George Poitras, Mikisew Cree First Nation, raised other issues saying that the government of Alberta and the oil companies have not consulted with First Nations, and this goes against the treaty rights of First Nations of Canada who are also protected by the United Nations Declaration On the Rights of Indigenous Peoples that Canada signed in 2007. First Nations want more control over the development of the tar sands and they want the government to impose strict industrial regulations. Indigenous groups are calling for a moratorium on oil extraction until further studies are conducted on the impacts of development and the government impose stricter industrial regulations. But there are other perspectives among some indigenous peoples. Some indigenous peoples see the oil sands as an opportunity. Chief Jim Boucher, of Fort McKay, notes that some indigenous peoples have benefited from oil sands development. For instance, Fort McKay, in the Athabasca region, boasts an unemployment rate under 5%, and has new housing facilities and lucrative community owned businesses that supply the oil sands industry. (Kunzig, 2009, p.44). And the Government of Alberta and the Canadian Federal governmental claim that the Alberta tar sands could make Canada the worlds second greatest oil exporters by 2050. But critics counter these claims arguing that to extract the worlds ugliest, most expensive hydrocarbons, we are polluting out air, polluting our water, destroying vast areas of boreal forests, and undermining democracy itself....steam plants are [not] a greener way to extract bitumen (Nikiforuk, 2008, p. 272). Most First Nations Cree feel that the enormous environmental costs of extracting petroleum for the oil sands is an infringement on their rights. In April of 2011 Albertas Government Department of Sustainable Resources released a draft of their Land Use Plan proposing a 16% increase to conservation areas in the oil sands region despite the Alberta Regional Advisory Council recommendation of a 32% increase which the First Nations had supported. In fact, Chief Adam and the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation held their own meeting with the Government of Alberta in the beginning of January of 2011 concerning the Lower Athabascan Region Plan. They argued that the plan was unfair and said their people were worried that their way of life was dying. What are the health threats from mining? Independent scientific data are difficult to obtain because tar sands leases, while public lands, are administered as private property, patrolled by security; public ground access is prohibited. Minimum flight elevation rules hinder meaningful aerial observations (Timoney & Lee 2011, p. 67). As well, Wingrove reports that neither Alberta nor Canada currently have a way to assess the cumulative effect development has had throughout Northern Alberta. Meanwhile, heavy metals have been found in a major local river. (Wingrove, 2011 ) However, environmental researchers Timoney and Lee report that Increases in contaminants in water, sediment, and fishes downstream of industrial sources; significant air emissions and major pollution incidents; and the loss of 65,040 hectres of boreal ecosystems are documented. Present levels of some contaminants pose an ecosystem or human health risk. The effects of these pollutants on ecosystem and public health deserve immediate and systematic study. Projected tripling of tar sands activities over the next decade may result in unacceptably large and unforeseen impacts to biodiversity, ecosystem function, and public health. The attention of the worlds scientific community is urgently needed (Timoney & Lee, 2007, p 65). Some scientific information is already available. Petroleum products exposure have been linked to biliary cancers, brain cancers, leukemia, lung cancer, and soft tissue sarcoma. The town of Fort Chipewyan has had surprisingly high rates of cancer for over ten years. The Alberta Health Services and the Alberta Cancer Board have documented the role of petroleum exposure and cancer increase with investigations on Cree Nations adjacent to the Alberta tar fields and Lake Athabasca (Solomon, 2010). Overall, the report found a 30% increase in cancers in Ft. Chip compared with expected over the last 12 years. Leukemias and lymphomas were increased by 3-fold. Bile duct cancers were increased by 7-fold.Other cancers, such as soft tissue sarcomas, and lung cancers in women, were also elevated. It's an interesting pattern -- almost all of the cancer types that were elevated have been linked scientifically to chemicals in oil or tar. It's especially interesting because little Ft. Chip is located downstream from the largest tar sands mining and oil production operation in the world. Other scientists who also presented their findings to the community today revealed significant increases in toxic metals, PAHs, and related chemicals in the water and sediments of the river downstream from the tar sands. (Solomon, 2010) Pollution for tar sands activities derives from 11 sources: (1) permitted (licensed) discharges to air and land; (2) seepage from tailings ponds; (4) leaks from pipelines; (5) major spills of bitumen, oil and wastewater; (6) stack emissions; windblown (7) coke dust, (8) dry tailings, and (9) tar sand dust; (10) outgassing from mine faces; and (11) ancillary activities such as transportation, construction of mines, ponds, roads, pipelines, and facilities, and landscape dewatering. (Timoney & Lee, 2009, p. 65) Mining oil from the tar sands also involves the destruction of huge tracts of boreal forest. Tailing ponds are one of the most significant sources of pollution. Tailings Ponds and the Extraction Process The tar sands itself is a mix of clay and sand with the oil rich bitumen mixed in. Because the bitumen is embedded in the sands, the oil cannot be extracted in the traditional way using an oil rig that pumps oil from underground wells. The oil bearing sand is mixed with warm water, which creates a slurry-like mixture. A processing unit then separates the bitumen from the sand and water. The extracted bitumen is diluted with a special solvent and then sent via pipeline to an upgrading facility near Edmonton. There, it is transformed into a wide range of premium low-sulfur and low-viscosity synthetic crude oils (Chevron Oil) The leftover materials, sand, water, fine silts and bitumen as well as solvents and salts used in the refining process are collected in what the industry calls tailings ponds. Tailings ponds associated with mining activities have always been problematic. Because they are earthen structures that are often not lined nor completely contained, the ponds eventually leak toxic materials into the surrounding environment and ground water (Nikiforuk, 2008). The Alberta tar sand tailing ponds are huge. Tailings ponds currently cover no less than 50 square kilometers of boreal forest land. Visible from space, Syncrudes Southwest Sand Storage (SWSS) Facility is one of the three largest dams in the world, outsized only by Chinas Three Gorges dam. (H2Oil Fact Sheet) Many scientists and engineers, who have investigated the tailings ponds, agree that there is a great danger of the tailings ponds overflowing in the event of a major weather event. The tailing ponds dykes could rupture and spill toxic waste into the already contaminated Athabasca River. Even though the Suncor Corporation has installed moats and pumps to return seepage into the ponds, the ponds continue to leak (Nikiforuk, 2008). Syncrude, the largest producer in the Tar Sands owns the biggest ponds of all. Every day the company dumps 500,000 tons of tailings into the Syncrude Tailing Pond. The pond stretches 14 miles and contains 19 billion cubic feet of water and [toxic] crud. ( Nikiforuk, 2008, p.87).  Syncrude Tailings Ponds adjacent to the Athabasca River Source: Calgary Herald, December 14, 2010 In 2005 Komex Environmental Limited identified the following chemicals resulting from the extraction of oil from tar sands that could impact the health of people and the environment: arsenic, ammonia, barium, chromium, bismuth, iron, lithium, manganese, naphthenic acids, selenium, strontium, tin, vanadium, zinc, methylnaphthalene and C2 naphthalene. C2 naphthalene, barium, beryllium, boron, strontium, thallium, titanium, and uranium (Timoney & Lee, 2009, p. 72). Four metals commonly exceed fish protection threshold effects levels in Athabasca River walleye and lake whitefish: aluminum, selenium, silver, and vanadium (Timoney & Lee, 2009, p. 77). Of these, selenium may present the largest risk to fish health. Selenium can contribute to reproductive failure, deformities, and death among aquatic organisms and water birds, and can adversely affect people. Migratory birds, in their search for a clean resting place, have landed in the bitumen and have lost their lives. Many of them were diving ducks like Buffleheads who dived under and never returned to the surface. To date, the ponds have caused the deaths of thousands of geese, shorebirds, ducks, as well as mammals such as moose, deer, and beaver (Nikiforuk, 2008). Tominey and Lee (2009) report that Elders say the river waters taste sour or salty and when they boil the water for cooking, a brown residue is left in the pot. The flesh of ducks, fish and muskrats has become soft and watery. It tastes of gasoline. When the Elders were interviewed, they remember in their traditional knowledge that watery flesh of fish indicates the fish are suffering from starvation. Western scientists have observed that fish with big heads and watery flesh are signs of starvation and the breaking of the food chain. (p. 77) Marsdan notes that the reported that levels of arsenic in moose meat could be 435 times the acceptable level in the future. Hunters have noticed that the organs have cysts in them and the meat tastes different. The hunters say that muskrat meat is redder than normal and they have found muskrats dead in their burrows. ( p. 190) Government Response: Claims and Counter Claims According to the Indigenous Environmental Network First Nations of Alberta have widely criticized the regulatory process. They are in agreement with scientists and politicians who believe that money has been favored over human and ecological health. The government has repeatedly ignored the concerns of both First Nations and scientists regarding Tar Sands, instead favoring unproven technological theories from industry and prioritizing trade ties with the U.S. Yet as evidence has mounted of the severe and irreversible impacts of Tar Sands, First Nations communities and the public have organized strong opposition (Indigenous Environmental Network, 2011) In February of 2009, the Energy Conservation Resources Board of Alberta issued new performance criteria and requirements for oil sands mining in its Directive 74. This directive sets out new requirements for the regulation of tailings operations associated with mineable oil sands. It is the first component of a larger initiative to regulate tailings management. The directive specifies performance criteria for the reduction of fluid tailings and the formation of trafficable deposits. These criteria are required to ensure that the Energy Resources Conservation Board (ERCB/Board) can hold mineable oil sands operators accountable for tailings management. Operators may use a suite of technologies to meet the requirements of this directive. (Energy Conservation Resources Board, p. 2) In December of 2010, the Toronto Sun reported that Seven oil giants are joining forces in a push to slash the environmental impact of tailings ponds. The oil companies, which will share tailings research, announced the unprecedented $90-million partnership Monday at the University of Alberta. Another report stated: Some scientists are exploring a nanotechnologic approach to softening the environmental footprint of oil sands development. Understanding at the nanoscale how the molecules of heavy bitumen clump together could help reduce the industrys thirst for fresh water, says Murray Gray, the Canada Research Chair in Oil Sands Upgrading at the University of Alberta If a water free process could be developed, it would eliminate the need for the holding ponds and the use of fresh water would also be reduced and the areas for the holding ponds could be reclaimed. It is also believed that the nanoscale technology would eliminate heavy metals and impurities from the tailings water (Tenenbaum, 2009). The provincial government of Alberta believes it is a responsible provider of energy and the monies will help lower taxes and benefit all the people who live in Alberta. One in six Albertans are directly or indirectly employed in the energy sector, generating 30% of the provinces revenues. (CBC Edmonton Features, 2009) It is at the heart of Albertas economy for the 21st Century. The revenues are both helping to lower taxes and to create jobs in spin off enterprises. The government believes that it would be harmful and wrong to intervene in the boom of the oil tar sands (Alberta Energy, 2008). Nevertheless, at least one First Nation is bringing legal action against the government of Alberta (Vanouver Province,2008). Meanwhile, the Canadian Broadcasting Company reported that a poll taken in 2010 by Ipsos indicates that mainstream Canadians are evenly split over tar sands development (IPSOS, 2010) In 2010 Mech wrote that 30 years of reports have been written on the Alberta tar sands. These have gone unheeded because powerful lobbyists in Ottawa have influenced legislation in favor of the industry and to ensure that the industry benefits from the billions of dollars in federal monies issued for clean energy and emission reduction projects. Even samples of deformed fish from Lake Athabasca and the widely publicized 2010 study conducted by internationally renowned water expert, Dr. David Schindler, and his team, which concluded that the oil sands industry is substantially increasing loadings of toxic priority pollutants to the Athabasca River and its tributaries, appear to have led only to discussions on improved government monitoring (Mech, 2010, p.10). The argument in favor of oil tar sands development cites many economic and international benefits. Processing oil from tar sands will reduce North Americas dependency on foreign oil. The oil companies processing the tar sands for oil will create jobs for engineers, truckers, drillers, riggers, loggers, tractor drivers, housing managers, grocers, oil pipeline fitters, all of which are in demand in a flat economy. According to Energy Tomorrow the U.S. approval of the Keystone XL pipeline to deliver Alberta oil sands petroleum to the United States could generate 500,000 jobs for Americans and $775 billion in Gross Domestic Product by 2035 (Energy Tomorrow) One must ask, however, is this worth the price in human health and the severe impact on the environment? References Alberta Energy (2008), Launching Albertas energy future: Provincial energy strategy, Alberta Energy, December, 2008, Retrieved 8.5.11 from: HYPERLINK "http://www.energy.alberta.ca/Org/pdfs/AB_ProvincialEnergyStrate%09gy.pdf"http://www.energy.alberta.ca/Org/pdfs/AB_ProvincialEnergyStrate gy.pdf CBC Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Edmonton feature. (2009) Retrieved 9.23.11 from: http://www.cbc.ca/edmonton/features/dirtyoil/ Chevron Oil. (date N/A) retrieved 7.17.2011 from: (ttp://www.chevron.com/deliveringenergy/OilSands/ CRBSCF (Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Forum). (1999) Supplemental Report on the 1999 review, Water quality standards for salinity, Colorado River System. Bountiful, Utah: CRBSCF Energy Resource Conservation Board (2009) Directive 074. Calgary, Alberta. Dan McFaddedn, Chairman. Energy Tomorrow American Petroleum Institute. Retrieved 9.24.11 from: HYPERLINK "http://blog.energytomorrow.org/2011/08/oil-sands-and-pipeline-mythology.html"http://blog.energytomorrow.org/2011/08/oil-sands-and-pipeline-mythology.html H2Oil About the oil sands. Retrieved 100.18. 2011 from http://h2oildoc.com/home/ Ipsos (Market Research) (2010) Retrieved 9.23.11 from: HYPERLINK "http://www.ipsos-na.com/news-polls/pressrelease.aspx?id=4953"http://www.ipsos-na.com/news-polls/pressrelease.aspx?id=4953 Jowit, J. (2009), Indigenous people in legal challenge against oil firms over tar sand project, Guardian, February 26, 2009, Retrieved 8.5.11 from: Kunzig, R. (2009), The Canadian oil boom scraping bottom, National Geographic, v.215: (March, 2009) , pp. 38-59. Marsden. W. (2008). Stupid to the last drop: How Alberta is bringing environmental armageddon to Canada (and doesnt seem to care). Toronto: Random House. Mech, M. (2011). A Comprehensive guide to the Alberta oil sands: Understanding the environmental and human impacts, export implications, and political, economic, and industry influences. Ottawa: Green Party of Canada. Retrieved 9.24.11 from http://greenparty.ca/files/attachments/a_comprehensive_guide_to_the_alberta_oil_sands_-_may_20111.pdf Mikisew Cree and Athabascan Chipewyan Cree First Nation Cree press release. Proposed oil sands water withdrawal framework breaches First Nations rights and interests, July 22, 2010. Nikiforuk, A. (2008). Tar sands: Dirty oil and the future of a continent. Vancouver, BC: Greystone Books. Solomon, G. (2010). The other oil disaster: Cancer and cancer tar sands, Natural Resources Defense Council Staff Blog (May 3) Retreived 9.23.11 from: HYPERLINK "http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/gsolomon/the_other_oil_disaster_cancer.html"http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/gsolomon/the_other_oil_disaster_cancer.html Tenenbaum,D.J., (2009) Oil sands development: A health risk worth taking? Environmental Health Perspectives. V, 117:4 (April) 150-156. Encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved 10 18 11 from: http://www.eoearth.org/article/Oil_sands_development Thompson, M. Oil companies unveil $90-million partnership on tailings ponds research. Edmonton Sun. 12, 13, 2010 Timoney, K. & Lee, P.(2009). Does the Alberta tar sands industry pollute? The scientific evidence. The Open Conservation Biology Journal, v. 3, pp. 65-8. Retrieved 10.18.11 from: HYPERLINK "http://cahr.uvic.ca/nearbc/documents/2009/Alberta-Tar-Sands-Industry-Pollute.pdf"http://cahr.uvic.ca/nearbc/documents/2009/Alberta-Tar-Sands-Industry-Pollute.pdf Toronto Sun (2010) Oil giants join forces to tackle tailing ponds. (Dec. 13. Retrieved 10 18 11 from: http://www.torontosun.com/news/canada/2010/12/13/16535966.html Vancouver Province ( 2008). First Nation sues Alberta over oil sands. (June 5) Retrieved 7.21.2011 from: HYPERLINK "http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=75e25d77-df22-4f14-ae58-26c0bc73d7e4"http://www.canada.com/theprovince/news/story.html?id=75e25d77-df22-4f14-ae58-26c0bc73d7e4 Vidal, J (2008) Canadians ponder cost of rush for dirty oil. The Guardian (July 11) Retrieved 9.23.11 from: HYPERLINK "http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/jul/11/fossilfuels.pollution"http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/jul/11/fossilfuels.pollution Wingrove, J. (2011) Why oil sands monitoring is still a long way off. The Globe and Mail Sept 2. Retrieved 10 18 11 from: http://m.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/why-oil-sands-monitoring-is-still-a-long-way-off/article2105867/?service=mobile  Copyright (2011) held by AV. Please use appropriate attribution when using and quoting this case. Cases are available at the Native Cases website at HYPERLINK "http://nativecases.evergreen.edu"http://nativecases.evergreen.edu. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0817624. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Lori Lambert is a member of the faculty at Salish Kootenai College.  IED: Incendiary explosive device.  Upgrading bitumen to oil requires so much fuel that the process typically adds 100 to 200 pounds of CO2 per barrel to bitumens large carbon footprint (Nikiforuk, 2010, p. 6).  Athabasca Chipewyan Dene First Nation; Cold Lake First Nation; Driftpile First Nation; Beaver Lake Cree Nation; Mikisew Cree First Nation; Fort Resolution First Nation.  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