ࡱ> BDA%`  &bjbj"x"x .4@@  " ...B   8> R Bmz ( } } } $mhd.} } .. '. . .. n Pbj |=0m9,(99.,} mb} } } TX} } } mBBB BBB BBB...... Teaching Notes for Native Fishing Practices and Oxygen Depletion in Hood Canal By Robert S. Cole, AV Learning Objectives 1) To understand some of the contributing factors to the low levels of dissolved oxygen in Hood Canal. 2) To understand who the major players are, and how each contributes nitrogen compounds to Hood Canal, resulting in low dissolved oxygen. 3) To understand some of the implications of the cultural legacies the Skokomish have associated with salmon fishing and habitat protection to insure healthy fish runs. 4) To understand the dilemmas the Skokomish Nation faced with the identification of the disposal of chum salmon carcasses as one of the sources (although a small source) of nitrogen in Hood Canal. 5) To understand the degree to which well-intended policy makers found it easy to look at the Skokomish Nation as the ones to take the first steps to help mitigate the environmental problem of low dissolved oxygen in Hood Canal. 6) To help articulate the reasonable concerns of Tribal Members in dealing with policy reports created largely by the dominant culture. Intended Audience This case should be appropriate for students at any level in college classes or with advanced students in high school classes. It could readily be used in teacher training classes. It is particularly appropriate for classes in environmental studies, sociology, education, public administration and Native American Studies. Implementation This was designed as an interrupted case the discussions along the way are settings for grappling with some of the difficult issues surrounding the dumping of salmon carcasses. The method breaks the class up into small discussion groups (four or five students per group is ideal), and each group is asked to address the questions for each discussion. After each discussion, new information is given to the class as a whole. The author would recommend that students be given Part 1 of the case (everything up to Discussion #2) as reading prior to coming to class. There is a tremendous amount of information in Part 1. Assuming that students have already read, and are familiar with, the information in Part 1, it should be possible to go through this case in two fifty-minute class periods. At the end of the small group discussions, a whole class discussion and de-briefing is appropriate. Further written assignments are quite possible, and certainly numerous possibilities exist for further research into the chemistry and biology of hypoxia, of denitrification of sewage effluents, and of the state-of-the-art of sewage treatment options for centralized and for onsite systems. An excellent underwater video, produced by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife in the fall of 2006, graphically shows the effects of low oxygen on aquatic life (WDFW 2006). This video was taken on September 19, 2006, yet it clearly depicts the type of events observed prior to 2004 that sparked the actions described in this case study. Field Testing This case was field tested with the Reservation Based Program at AV on January 13, 2007. It was the first day of class meeting for the program, and most of the students in were new to the Reservation Based Program, and this was also the day for them to register for the Program. As a consequence, the students did not have an opportunity to read the first section of this case prior to coming to class. The class opened with the showing of the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife video (WDFW 2006), described above. It generated immediate discussion, and a series of questions about the wildlife depicted. Since the students hadnt read Part 1 of this case prior to coming to class, the instructor talked the students through each of the sections, using punctuated lecture methods in order to gauge student background and awareness of the myriad of topics in Part 1 of this case. At the marked discussion points in this case, students were split into four small groups of four and given the set of discussion questions. After fifteen to twenty minutes of discussion, each group reported out their thinking to the rest of the class. The next part of the interrupted case was then presented, and small-group discussion occurred at the discussion point in the text. Student participation and engagement was high. Most students indicated a desire to know more about ways of lowering nitrogen in effluents, and wanted to talk about ways to increase dissolved oxygen in Hood Canal. Due to the time constrains during the first day of class to get students registered for the Program, we were not able to get through all parts of the case. We did complete the first two discussions, and were almost ready to do the third discussion when the allocated time ran out. Had the students been able to read Part 1 of the case prior to class, and had they had a little more background information given to them prior to the presentation of the case itself, it seems reasonable that they could have completed the case in two fifty-minute class periods. Additional Background Information The composting program in the late fall of 2004 and the early winter of 2005 was quite successful. Virtually all of the Skokomish fishers complied with the Tribal Councils new ordinance not to dump chum salmon carcasses into Hood Canal. This is described in the excellent report Skokomish Fisheries Chum Salmon 2004 Project, (Amiotte 2005). The Skokomish calculated that their actions of not dumping salmon carcasses kept 66,000 pound of salmon out of Hood Canal, and that this represented a reduction of 1,980 pounds of nitrogen compounds put into the Canal (Amiotte 2005). Their report contains numerous newspaper and magazine articles regarding their efforts, and illustrated the effectiveness of their actions on public relations. The composting of chum salmon carcasses was continued in the fall of 2005 and again in the fall of 2006. The Skokomish commitment to keep chum salmon carcasses out of Hood Canal is quite solid at this point. Actions on other categories of nitrogen compound flows into Hood Canal have been slower to get underway. However, in December of 2006, Washington Governor Christine Gregoire announced an ambitious plan to put $42 million of state funds into the restoration of Puget Sound, with the restoration of Hood Canal being a big part of the plan. The Governors action was in response to a report by the Puget Sound Partnership (PSP 2006) which outlined the seriousness of the multiples threats to the health of Puget Sound. An excellent underwater video, produced by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife in the fall of 2006, shows the effects of low oxygen on aquatic life (WDFW 2006). Additional Readings Amiotte 2005 Skokomish Fisheries Chum Salmon 2004 Project, Amiotte, Lalena, et.al., (2005) Skokomish Fisheries, N.541 Tribal Center Road, Shelton, WA 98584 PSP 2006 Sound Health, Sound Future; Protecting and Restoring Puget Sound, Puget Sound Partnership,  HYPERLINK "http://www.pugetsoundpartnership.org/reports/final/final/Final_wAPPx_lr.pdf" http://www.pugetsoundpartnership.org/reports/final/final/Final_wAPPx_lr.pdf WDFW 2006 Video: Low dissolved oxygen event; Sund Rocks, Hood Canal; September 19, 2006  HYPERLINK "http://wdfw.wa.gov/hab/hood_canal_oxygen.htm" http://wdfw.wa.gov/hab/hood_canal_oxygen.htm  Copyright held by AV. Please use appropriate attribution when using and quoting this case. Special thanks to Keith Dublanica and Lalena Amiotte of the Skokomish Department of Natural Resources for their help in writing this case.     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