ࡱ> LNK` P)bjbjss .: bbb l xxx8L`,$6$8$8$8$8$8$8$$m%h'V\$xfff\$xxq$VVVfxx6$Vf6$VVV*#@xx# \*j# "$$0$v#x+(+(#+(x#4bV`\$\$d$ffff ppxxxxxx Teaching Notes Salmon Contamination in the Columbia River By Lori Lambert, PhD Salish Kootenai College Learning Objectives Describe the meaning of treaties and tribal fishing rights. Discuss current issues of pollution affecting the Yakama Tribe Analyze the role and practices of federal agencies such as the EPA in dealing with tribal entities. Describe the health effects of major contaminants in the Columbia River waters. Analyze the health effects of contaminated fish in the lives of the Yakama Nation. Compare the role of traditional ecological knowledge and how it dovetails with western science especially medical ecology. Discuss the role of salmon in the spiritual, economic, and health practices of the Yakama Nation. Create new policies that can be implemented to clean up the river and the fish. Describe the sources of pollution and types of pollution emitted into the Columbia River watershed. Intended Audience: Appropriate for students at any level in college classes including graduate students. Especially appropriate for classes in environmental studies, environmental health, natural resource policy, political science, sociology, anthropology, public administration, natural science, chemistry, human health,, nutrition, and American Indian Studies. Additional Background Information The Nez Perce Tribe, the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon, and the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Indian Nation are the only tribes in the Columbia Basin to have reserved rights to anadromous fish in their1855 treaties with the United States. The people of these tribes have always shared a common understanding -- that their very existence depends on the respectful enjoyment of the Columbia River Basin's vast land and water resources. Indeed, their very souls and spirits were and are inextricably tied to the natural world and its myriad inhabitants. Among those inhabitants, none were more important than the teeming millions of anadromous fish enriching the basin's rivers and streams. Discussion questions and research suggestions What is a treaty and how does it impact fishing rights for the four salmon treaty tribes along the Columbia River? What are the implications of the treaty fishing rights for the Yakama Nation? What is Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and how does this impact the events in this case study? Describe how the Yakama people hypothesized that the health of the fish was compromised. What is the role of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in its dealings with tribal entities? How can this role be strengthened? How can the tribe, the EPA, and the state of Washington create stronger policies and legislation that will clean up the contamination? Choose four major contaminants in Columbia River fish and discuss how they affect human health. Create a map of the locations of the major polluters along the Columbia River watershed and that includes Canada as well. Explain the meaning of the following terms and how they relate to the story in this case: food chain, biomagnifications, anadromous fish, POPs/persistent organic pollutants. Why might anadromous fish have different contamination levels than resident fish? In recent years various events (films, plays, and memorial gatherings) have taken place to tell the story of Celilo Falls. Why is Celilo Falls still considered so important to Indian people today? 11. Create teaching materials (poster, booklets) that will help tribal members cook salmon in a safe way to reduce the amount of fat. Implementation Suggestions Teaching this case could be done in a variety of ways. The emphasis may shift in the questions and approach depending on the disciplinary emphasis of the course. Three possible approaches which may be effective are as follows: 1) Small group discussion: Divide the students into groups using some of the discussion questions above. Have a spokesperson from each group report on their discussion. 2) Role playing: Assign students or groups of students different roles to prepare presentations to the Yakama Nation membership on what steps the Tribe should take to deal with the Salmon contamination issue. . Different roles that might be taken include EPA representative/media and scientists, Indian Health Service physician and dietitian, Tribal president, tribal members whose economic development relies on health fish, fishermen, state of Washington Department of Environmental Quality, Yakama Fish hatchery director. After reading the case and preparing their recommendations, each group/individual will make a presentation to the Tribal Council. The instructor can set the agenda for the Tribal council meeting depending on the discipline where the case is used. 3) Explore possible actions Environmental/Social Justice 1. Conduct an economic analysis to capture the benefit a community will gain from viable and robust fish populations that are a result of achieving and maintaining good water quality. This could include economic development in Tribal communities as well as economic benefits in the sport fishing industry at the mouth of the Columbia. 2. Conduct a sound regional analysis on water quality improvements with a full and in-depth examination of both costs and benefits. Include social effects (poverty, mortality, passive use values, other quality of life, environmental quality), tribal effects (salmon, other fish and valued assets, equity between tribal and non tribal people, water quality, wildlife habitat), economic efficiency (net value of fisheries production, net value of hydropower production, net value of recreation, strategy implementation cost), and regional economic effects (personal income, output and employment). Cost Benefit Techniques: Cost Benefit Analysis is a relatively simple and widely used technique for deciding whether to make a change. As its name suggests, you simply add up the value of the benefits of a course of action and subtract the costs associated with it. First work out how much the change will cost to make. Then calculate the benefit you will from it. Where costs or benefits are paid or received over time, work out the time it will take for the benefits to repay the costs. Cost/Benefit Analysis can be carried out using only financial costs and financial benefits. You may, however, decide to include intangible items within the analysis. As you must estimate a value for these, this inevitably brings an element of subjectivity into the process. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost-benefit_analysis) (http://sunsite.utk.edu/ncedr/tools/othertools/costbenefit/lead.htm) Medical Ecology Break into groups to assess the health effects of 10 different chemicals found in Columbia River fish. Describe how the chemicals affect human health. Assess the cost of health care for one individual whose illness is the result of these chemicals. Assess the cost of sediment and chemical removal. Check the website provided for removal of sediment from the Milltown Dam in Montana. (http://www.missoulian.com/articles/2004/12/22/news/local/news04.txt) 5. Go to the Indian Health Service Website (www.his.gov) to determine the health disparities of Indian people who live in the Portland Area IHS. Search for Regional Differences in Indian Health. Describe the diseases that are most prevalent and make inferences with these diseases and the chemicals found in the Columbia River salmon. Phone for an appointment to interview or go to the IHS site on the Yakama Indian Reservation in Toppenish, Washington to interview physicians, nurses, and tribal members at the clinic to brain storm if there is a correlation to the chemicals found in the Columbia River salmon and the health of the Yakama people. Policy Studies 6. Propose federal legislation to create change---either through new regulations and fines for pollution, or pollution tax credits. Research on the policy process by which one would try to influence legislation---usually research, followed by organizing non-profits and interested parties and state local and federal agencies, writing briefs and educational materials, lobbying etc., 7. Discuss incentives and coordination and partnerships as alternatives to regulation  Anadromous fish: Fish that begin their lives in fresh water, spend their adult lives in seawater, and return to spawn in fresh water where they were born.     :; VW@W-L~! 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